Viti con sintomi di «giallume» (yellows) osservate in Israele e Grecia sono risultate infette da fitoplasmi (in precedenza noti come organismi micoplasma-simili, MLO) la cui presenza è stata accertata con amplificazione genica (PCR), utilizzando come innesco coppie di oligonucleotidi universali e gruppo-specifici. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of amplified 16S rDNA and putative restriction site analysis of the nucleotide sequence of 16S rDNA from stolbur (STOL) phytoplasma indicated that the phytoplasmas in the diseased grapevines and STOL phytoplasma were affiliated with 16S rRNA group 16SrXII (stolbur phytoplasma group), subgroup A (formerly subgroup G in group 16SrI), a genetically distinct strain population unreported in North America. Infection of the plants by phytoplasmas (formerly mycoplasmalike organisms, MLOs) was indicated by amplification of phytoplasma DNA in nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) primed by phytoplasma-universal and group-specific oligonucleotide pairs. The global effectiveness score is an unweighted average of the scores for all available countries.Naturally diseased grapevines exhibiting symptoms of grapevine yellows disease were observed in Israel and Greece. The unweighted average effectiveness score for each country across all 11 FATF immediate outcomes has been expressed as a percentage of the highest possible score (3: high effectiveness). The 4-point qualitative scale used by FATF to measure effectiveness has been converted to a numerical scale following the system suggested by the OECD here: The Effective-O-Meter and effectiveness map draw on country effectiveness ratings across 11 “immediate outcomes” available from FATF here. Since 2014, Transparency International has been calling on FATF to listen to the views of civil society experts during its country visits, precisely to reduce the risk of critical information being ignored.Īs of February 2019, global effectiveness at stopping money laundering stands at 32%. In addition, anti-corruption NGOs in the top-rated jurisdiction, the UK, have expressed their dismay at the high ratings, pointing to multiple shortcomings in FATF’s review. However, even these relative high-scorers are at the 70 per cent mark or below. Overall, just nine countries score above 50 per cent: Australia, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. In simple terms, on average all countries assessed so far are failing to effectively prevent corrupt individuals and their professional enablers from stealing money and getting away with it, at enormous cost to citizens. There has been no change since the last edition of the Effective-O-Meter in February 2018, which covered 46 countries. As the Effective-O-Meter shows, average global anti-money laundering effectiveness stands at just 32 per cent. To date, FATF and its regional offices have assessed 70 countries across the world. Since 2014, a global anti-money laundering body called the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has been assessing whether countries’ measures to stop dirty money are actually working in practice – whether they are effective – in addition to the extent to which laws are in place on paper. Large-scale corruption schemes are only feasible if there’s a way to hide and spend the proceeds.Ĭases from Azerbaijan and Brazil to FIFA and Malaysia have shown how corrupt networks are able to open bank accounts, transfer funds across borders and acquire prime real estate and luxury goods in global capitals.
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